Juran’s Triology

Juran's Trilogy Prepared By : Kareem Ahmed Daabees Under management of : Dr. Mahmmoud Mohammad EL-Damaty Managing for quality comprises of three fundamental quality-situated procedures: quality arranging, quality control, and quality improvement. The job of value arranging is to structure a procedure that will have the option to meet set up objectives under working conditions. The job of value control is to work and when essential right the procedure so it performs with ideal effectiveness.The job of value improvement is to devise approaches to take the procedure to phenomenal degrees of execution. 1. Quality Planning Quality arranging originates from a solidarity of direction that traverses all elements of an association. The subject of arranging can be anything †a building procedure for planning new items, a creation procedure for making products, or a help procedure for reacting to client demands. Quality Planning includes: * Identifying clients, both inside and outside * Det ermining their necessities Specifying the item includes that fulfill those requirements at least expense. * Designing the procedures that can dependably deliver those highlights. * Proving that the procedure can accomplish its objectives under working conditions. 2. Quality Control The way toward overseeing tasks to meet quality objectives. The procedure of Quality Control includes: * Choosing control subjects * Choosing units of estimation * Establishing an estimation methodology * Measuring * Interpreting contrasts among estimation and objective. * Taking activity to address critical contrasts 3.Quality Improvement Assuming the procedure is leveled out, any waste that happens must be intrinsic in the structure of the procedure. The object of value improvement is to lessen ceaseless waste to a much lower level. The means in Quality Improvement: * Prove the requirement for development * Identify explicit activities for development * Organize to direct the tasks * Organize for findin g †revelation of causes * Diagnose the causes * Provide cures * Prove that the cures are viable under working conditions * Provide for control to keep up the increases.

Anthony Burns Essay

Envision being a slave during the hour of the criminal slave act. OK flee or would you remain and keep being a slave? In the event that you fled and you rushed to Massachusetts and your lord discovered you would you run from him? The man in this story listened, as I reveal to you the miserable story of Anthony Burns. Anthony consumes was an informed slave that had a white dad. His mom was a raiser which implied she had a child consistently. Anthony’s first ace treated him like a sun promptly toward the beginning of the day and gives him a pony ride. Anthony was exceptionally savvy. One day his lord tossed him of his pony in mid air Tony did a somersault and arrived on his hand and he flipped over. At nineteen years old, Anthony Burns got away from subjection in Richmond, making a trip by boat to Boston in 1853. In Boston he worked for â€Å"Coffin Pitts, dress vendor, no. 36 Brattle Street. † On May 24, 1854 he was found â€Å"while strolling in Court Street† and captured. As a center point of opposition toward the â€Å"slave power† of the South, numerous Bostonians responded by endeavoring to free Burns. President Franklin Pierce made a case of the case to show he was happy to unequivocally authorize the Fugitive Slave Act. The demonstration of power turned numerous New Englanders against subjection who had latently acknowledged its reality previously. On May 26, under the watchful eye of Burns’ legal dispute, a horde of abolitionists of the two races, including Thomas Wentworth Higginson and different Bostonians shocked at Burns’ capture, raged the town hall to free the man. In the scuffle, Deputy U. S. Marshal James Batchelder was lethally wounded, turning into the subsequent Marshal to be slaughtered in the line of obligation. The police kept control of Burns, yet the hordes of adversaries, including such African-American abolitionists as Thomas James developed enormous. While the central government sent US troops in help, various abolitionist servitude activists showed up in Boston to join the dissent and proceed the faceoff. It has been assessed the government’s cost of catching and directing Burns through the preliminary was upwards of $40,000. He was in the end reclaimed to Virginia where he went to a slave jail for a year. Subsequently he was sold in North Carolina. Where his companion got him and sent him to Canada where he experienced the remainder of his short life. He turned into a minister and lectured and lived calmly.

How Long Does Dilaudid Stay in Your System

How Long Does Dilaudid Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print How Long Dilaudid (Hydromorphone) Stays in Your System Dilaudid is detected in blood and urine tests for days after use By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 26, 2018 More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Dilaudid (hydromorphone) is a prescription pain medication that begins to act within minutes, has a diminished effect within a few hours, and stays in your system for several days.?? It is prescribed for pain relief, especially after surgery. Dilaudid is  an opiate  analgesic, and it works by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain.?? It can cause dangerous physical consequences if you overdose, as well as withdrawal symptoms and addiction. Dilaudid is a Schedule II controlled substance with a potency two to eight times higher than morphine. Dilaudids Effects on Your System The way in which Dilaudid affects your system depends on the route of administration. It can be taken as a pill, a liquid, injected intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM) or inserted rectally. The onset of the effects depends on the method it was administered.?? Oral Administration When Dilaudid is taken orally in pill or liquid form, it begins to work quickly, often in about 15 minutes, and usually reaches its peak effect in 30 minutes to an hour. The elimination half-life of oral Dilaudid is about four hours. This means that about half of the drug is eliminated from the body in four hours, although some of the drug is expected to remain in your body for two to three days. Intravenous (IV) Injection IV injections of Dilaudid begin to take effect in about five minutes, and the half-life is about two hours, but it can remain in the body for about two to three days.?? Intramuscular (IM) Injection IM injections of Dilaudid begin to work in about 15 minutes, with about a three-hour half-life, and it can remain in the body for several days. Rectal Administration Administration of Dilaudid rectally, which may be used in cases of severe nausea or when you cant have an injection, should take effect in about 30 minutes, with a half-life of about four to five hours, and the drug is evident in the body for several days. Dilaudid can make you drowsy, so until you know how it affects you, it is safer to not drive or operate heavy machinery for two days after taking it. Dilaudid can cause serious or life-threatening breathing problems, especially during the first two days of taking it. You should be carefully monitored when you start taking this medication. Interactions with Medications and Alcohol Several medications can change the way Dilaudid affects your body by increasing, decreasing, or prolonging the effects. It is very important to discuss all other prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and herbs with your doctor or pharmacist so they can advise you and adjust your prescriptions properly for safety. You must not drink alcohol while using Dilaudid. Specific medications that interact with Dilaudid include MAO inhibitors, blood pressure medicine, diuretics (water pills), antidepressants, phenothiazine, and anything that makes you sleepy. It can also have interactions with St. Johns wort and tryptophan.?? Overdose An overdose of Dilaudid can cause serious injury and may be fatal. If you take too much Dilaudid or take it with other medications, you may suffer from an overdose. Some of the symptoms of a  Dilaudid  overdose include:?? Difficulty breathingSlowed or stopped breathingExcessive sleepinessDizzinessFaintingLimp or weak musclesNarrowing or widening of the pupilsCold, clammy skinSlow or stopped heartbeatBlue coloration of skin, fingernails, lipsLoss of consciousness or coma If someone is having symptoms of a Dilaudid overdose, you should call 9-1-1 immediately. If contacted quickly enough, first-responders may use medications such as  Narcan to revive the victim. Medication Errors That Cause Dilaudid Overdose One of the errors that can lead to an overdose is crushing the capsule, which causes too much medication to be released all at once. If you miss your Dilaudid dose, do not try to make up for the missed dose. It can be dangerous to take two doses of Dilaudid too close together.?? Withdrawal It is critical to continue to take Dilaudid on the schedule provided by your doctor. If you suddenly stop taking it after you have been taking it for several days, you are likely to go through withdrawal, which can be dangerous. Only reduce your Dilaudid when advised to do so by your doctor and follow the schedule provided. Symptoms of Dilaudid withdrawal include:?? Severe cravings for DilaudidSweatingFever or chillsHeadachesGeneral aches and painsNauseaVomitingDiarrheaRapid breathingRapid heartbeatHigh blood pressureTremors and muscle spasmsAnxiety, depression, or suicidal thoughtsRestlessness, agitation, or trouble sleepingDecreased appetite Individuals are more likely to relapse and make poor decisions when withdrawal symptoms are at their peak. Physical symptoms can lead to many cognitive issues as well, such as attention deficit problems, issues with problem-solving and memory function. Drug Screening Tests Dilaudid is detected in urine drug screens.?? If you have been prescribed Dilaudid and need to take a urine drug test for employment or other purposes, tell the testing lab that you have been prescribed the drug and taking Dilaudid so that they are able to interpret the test appropriately. The drug is detected in the blood for about 24 hours, in the urine for two to three days, in the saliva for two to three days, and in the hair for about six months.

The Physics Of Science And Morality - 1271 Words

On the topic of science and morality, both have varying definitions that bring into question of how they relate to one another. Although some seem to pit the two against each other as opposing arguments, many versions of these definitions allow one to draw lines between the two, ultimately allowing for the conclusion that they have a connection. Science and morality resemble each other because both collect and organize data, derive from observation of the direct world, and make use of data to draw conclusions. The two share highly similar ways of processing and analyzing data. They help to develop a better understanding of unknown things in the world, as well as of known things that remain unjudged in daily life. Through these processes, the two ideas have similar goals and allow for the advancement of mankind in multiple ways. First and foremost, both science and morality associate with one another in that they collect and organize data. Throughout history, as taught in not only soc ial science classes, but in all others as well, everything considerably has a cause and an effect. Constantly, one analyzes these occurrences based on their point-of-view. Depending on their standpoint, the way they collect and organize the data of topic defines itself as either scientifically and/or morally. In any instance, the same process of collecting and organizing data conveys itself through that analysis. Science itself has a well-known â€Å"method† when it comes to experimentation, one ofShow MoreRelatedCan Religion and Science be Compatible?1326 Words   |  5 PagesCan Religion and Science be Compatible? Accepting the compatibility between science and religion is a tactic used by those who instinctively fear that a manifest conflict between the two areas would endanger the future of science. 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Therefore, religious claims remain based on faith, but scientific claims remain based on reason. Due to no apparent evidence of an afterlife, religion, physics, and near death experiences leads people to believe consciousness may continue as a soul. Life after death may be a reality.Read MoreScience Fiction, And, Star Wars And The Time Machine1487 Words   |  6 PagesScience fiction, a genre which has elapsed over decades in the industry, has gained many followers in its several forms of media. Science fiction, in the same sense, has also been analyzed for its value and has received many â€Å"Authorities† in the sense that these individuals allow for a more comprehens ive look at this type of genre. 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The mixed nature of the â€Å"Gothic† defined in its genre were tales of many types – sword-and-sandal epics about fearless barbarian heroes, chilling tales of unearthly New England monsters, and haunted houses filled with unseen supernatural occurrences. Out of these stories in the â€Å"Gothic tradition†, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is one of the most influential novels in history. It is considered by many to be one of the first science fiction novels. Often these

Animal Testing - Necessary or Barbaric and Wrong -...

Animal testing has for a long time been a much debated moral issue. For many, this kind of testing has been the only kind of hope for developing new medicines and treatments for illness. For others, it is an unacceptable and unnecessary cruel way of exploiting animals for our own purposes. Treatments for illnesses such as tuberculosis, diabetes, kidney failure and asthma have all been discovered, and vaccinations against polio, diphtheria, tetanus and measles for example have all been found. There are strict laws in place for using animals for testing and research purposes, so as to minimise any pain and distress the animals may encounter. The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 ensures that the usage of animals must be kept to a†¦show more content†¦He explains why this is the case. An anti-rheumatic drug killed 76 people in Britain, and 3500 others were left seriously ill. This particular medication had been researched using animals for seven years, which is a clear example of how humans and animals do not always react in the same ways. Also, thousands of people with heart conditions suffered having taken another medicine which had been tested on animals. In fact, the same drug (Eraldin) has, so far, not acted on any other species of animal in the same way that it acted on humans. The development of new anti-HIV drugs has also been a key issue regarding the inconsistencies of animal testing. In 1989 a major pharmaceutical company was working what seemed to be a potentially very successful drug. However, in trials on dogs and rats, all the animals died. Research immediately stopped as the company presumed it would have the same fatal effect on humans. It is clear though in the examples of the anti-rheumatic drug and Eraldin that humans and animals will not necessarily be affected in the same way. Because of the death of the dogs and rats, trials of a new HIV treatment did not start again until 1993. These 4 years lost could have saved many lives, had the researchers carried on testing of the new drug. Also, HIV is a disease which only affects humans, so the results of the animal tests may not have beenShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Critical Record of a Shipmaster’s Duties Free Essays

string(147) " condition prior sailing from the port and this could result the shipper to argue that the ship was unseaworthy at the commencement of the voyage\." Introduction As per the scenario, I am the master of a 30,000 tonne general cargo ship under the voyage charter sailing from UK, bound for Korea after loading a cargo of steel pipes of high grade. After a visual inspection found that some of the steel pipes appeared rusty, also no shore side surveyors were appointed by the parties concerned. During the voyage my vessel collides with a fully loaded container ship which is under a time carter bound for Antwerp. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Record of a Shipmaster’s Duties or any similar topic only for you Order Now The container ship suffered minor hull damage forward part and consequently several containers were lost overboard. Also the container ship had to jettison some of the containers in order to maintain stability after water ingress. Due to collision own vessel suffered severe damage to no. 1 port hold which resulted partial flooding. After the collision for emergency dry dock repairs both the vessels were towed to the port of refuge. The container ship organises a daily hire agreement and the own vessel was towed under Lloyds open form due to the fact that vessel taking in water. Own vessel had sailed with a faulty radar equipment and this was found out in a later investigation carried out by hull and machinery surveyors. The records shows that the container ship was seaworthy and a day before the collision the second officer was medically evacuated due to a severe injury and other deck officers were working shorthanded. The master has the responsibility to do whatever is necessary to preserve his vessel and cargo from any loss or damage. In order to consider a vessel seaworthy the vessel must have all statutory certificates valid, cargo should be properly stowed and secured, Radio and navigational equipment in good working order. There should be sufficient fuel and stores on board. Appropriate number of officers and crew as per manning certificate with properly qualified officers and crew. Ensuring that fully corrected and latest edition of navigation charts and publication available onboard at all time. Vessels sailing in a seaworthy condition will only be covered by the insurance. It is always the duty of the owner of the vessl to ensure the seaworthiness of ship and if ships sail in a seaworthy condition she will be under insurance cover. â€Å"The obligation of the owner to exercise due diligence to ensure that the ship is seaworthy before the commencement of voyage.(ie taking all precaution to ensure that the vessel is fit for the voyage)† As per the hague-visby rule the liability and the responsibility of the carrier will be bound at the beginning of the voyage and also prior beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to prepare the vessel seaworthy and properly manned and equipped and supply the ship. To make the cargo spaces and other parts of the ship where goods are carried fit for the reception and carriage of cargo and preservation. â€Å"Article IV of rules states that neither the carrier nor the ship is liable for any loss or damage which arise or result from un-seaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the vessel seaworthy in all respect mentioned above conforming with the conditions given in the article three of the rule† â€Å"If any damage or loss resulted due to the un-seaworthiness of the vessel the responsibility of proving the exercise of due diligence will be on the carrier or other person claiming under this article† As per the scenario the carrier has failed to make the vessel seaworthy and failed in carrier’s responsibility and liability and hence there was a breach contractual terms and therefore the vessel will be responsible for the damage of cargo under the hagevisby rule. In the scenario the master accepts a letter of indemnity and signed a clean bill of lading. The BOL without any endorsement made by the ship master is called a clean BOL which describes the goods and states cargo quantity and their condition. The issuing and accepting a clean BOL states that the cargo has believed to be loaded correct quantity and in good condition. The vessel cargo found rusty and ship sailed in a unseaworthy condition. Also there was no surveyors were appointed and also the master accepted letter of indemnity and signed a BOL without any remarks on it. The letter of indemnity which is offered by the shipper in an inducement towards signing a clean BOL, which officially can absolve from blame or relieve the master from the obligation of liability for signing the BOL and the master should not have accepted letter of indemnity without consultation or clear instruction from the owners and should have made his own bill and presented to the shipper. Now with the clear BO L the shipper can pursue a claim against the ship owner for the cargo damage as the shipper has BOL as an evidence that the cargo stowed and loaded in good condition. The master should have immediately informed the owners about cargo condition and his negligence will result restrictions to the owners in protesting against the claims. The master should also have requested the owners for appointing an independent surveyor and surveyed the vessel and this would have saved the owners from any legal claims and any delays caused. The master should also have mentioned the surveyors finding in the BOL as the steel cargo was rusted and for evidence he should have taken some photographs/video etc. And it is also very important of collecting/keeping all evidences such as long book entries and witness statements which will help the owners to claim protection the carriage of good act. The vessel sailed from UK with a defective radar equipment and this was very well known to the master and the ship owner. This is the violation as per the rules HRV, the owner is liable to provide his ship in a seaworthy condition prior sailing from the port and this could result the shipper to argue that the ship was unseaworthy at the commencement of the voyage. You read "Critical Record of a Shipmaster’s Duties" in category "Essay examples" The decision of the owners and the master to sail without a working radar may have resulted in collision with the container ship. The unseaworthy ship prevents the owner of the general average contribution from the cargo owners. And the expenses incurred during salvage operation will also be settled by the owners as they cannot claim for salvage coverage due to unseaworthy ship. For the general average claims there will be an intentional/sacrificial act and the loss and damage of goods will be claimed from the cargo insurers. The loss or damage of cargo due to collision will be covered under particular average and not in General average. The hull damage caused due to collision between vessel will be under the HM cover and it is not an intentional act and so will come under particular average. The master of the vessel should ensure safety of his ship and take all precautions necessary which will surely mitigate the losses caused to any ship owners. The Maters duty to send a distress signal – if the vessel or person is in imminent danger Master sends distress signal requesting immediate assistance. This distress signal will be revoked as soon as the master is satisfied that assistance is no longer required. On receipt of distress signal, the masters need to proceed with full speed for the assistance of the vessel in distress. On failure to comply with this will attract penalties. Due to the collision between two ships, it will be the duty of the masters of each ship without endangering to his own ship and crew to render assistance to the other ships master and crew to save them from the danger caused by the collision. Also need to stay by the other ship until they need no further assistance. The master gives to the other ship, the name of his own ship and also the names of last port and next port. If master fails without reasonable excuse to comply with will result penalties. 2) Salvage â€Å"The Salvage operation means that any act or activities undertaken in order to assist a vessel or any other property in danger in navigable waters or in any other waters thus entitling a reward to the provide† The master of the ship has authority and power to accept the salvage offered consulting with the owner. There are two basis on which the salver agrees on the terms and conditions to save the ship or property according to circumstances. 1) daily or time contract – fixed hire rate. 2) Lloyd’s Open Form/LOF – no cure no pay basis† and the settlement will be done on the basis of the value of property saved. â€Å"The advantage of having LOF is that, it is a no cure – no pay agreement and not likely disputed if any disputes which will be referred to arbitration of English law will apply to claims. There is no need to have a copy onboard and the agreement will be done over radio or other telecom methods and the form does not require signature until the salvage operations have been successfully completed. The salver will get an interim award and any excessive claims by salvers are avoided and the disadvantages of LOF is costly† General Average â€Å"There is a general average act when and only when any extra ordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure† Number of maritime countries laid down York Antwerp rules in order to get an uniform approach towards the settlement of general average claims. These rules are internationally recognised and are not incorporated into the national law. In the given scenario the damage caused to hull will come under particular average and which will be covered by the Hull Machinery insurance. The container ship had sailed in a seaworthy condition and later the second officer was medically evacuated and hence the vessel became unseaworthy. Now the container ship does not comply with SLOAS requirement and the other deck officers were short handed and the collision may have occurred due to fatigue caused. If the own ship has exercised due diligence then the payment for the loss will be borne by the shippers cargo insurers. The container ship had jettisoned some of the containers for safety reasons or to prevent water ingress and this sacrifice was to protect the property hence eligible for general averag e. For general average act, the shipowner appoints an average adjuster and usually declares general average HM Insurance PI Insurance There are three types of marine insurance ie Hull and Machinery, Cargo Liability – PI â€Å"HM Insurance covers hull and machinery of the insured ship against certain perils which includes peril of the sea, fire and explosion, jettison of cargo, piracy, contact with land conveyance/dock or harbour equip, accident during loading loading/discharging/shifting fuel or cargo, Earthquake, boiler bursting, breakage of drive shaft, defects of machinery barratry of master, officer and crew Etc† â€Å"P I club are those clubs which is a joint venture between shipping companies. It offers the ship owners the coverage against the risks which are not covered by hull and machinery insurance Hull insurance is actually the protection against the loss and damage to the vessel arising out of marine peril together with protection against the attendant liabilities of 3/4RDC, salvage and general average† â€Å"Protection and indemnity insurance is insurance protection against third party, death, injury and property claims caused by the ship together with the ? collision liability not covered in the RDC clause in the hull policy† Own ship was towed to port of refuge under LOF and it is the right decision which would have saved time and money. If the salvage operation has delayed further then the condition would have worsened as the vessel is taking in water and eventually the vessel will sink resulting loss of life, property and damage to the marine environment and in situations like this there would not be time for negotiations. In the case of container ship, she suffered only minor hull damage and was not in imminent danger and thereby she will have time for negotiation among them before deciding any agreement and decision of having a daily hire agreement was good, which is cheaper and beneficial too. The owner can choose cheaper salvage operations but cases involving loss of cargo, loss of life and risk of sinking there would not much time for negotiation between various parties offering salvage operations. So the decision has to be taken at the right time. Now both vessels have been towed to port of refuge, essential formalities for an unscheduled arrival clearance should be followed. Which includes an appointment of an agent and advise him of ships ETA and requirement on arrival, request for free pratigue, inform PI club, keep all required documentations ready and the agent will do the other required formalities for inward clearance. Also all the evidence collected should be kept ready and make the vessel ready for PSC and classification society inspection. After the repairs have been completed, need to arrange class and other surveys and after the survey an interim certificate will be issued. Bibliography: 1) College Notes 2)Business and law for the shipmasters (F.N.Hopkins) 3) Shipping Law (Chlorey Giles) How to cite Critical Record of a Shipmaster’s Duties, Essay examples

Health and Safety Policy for an Outdoor Concert †Free Sample

Question: Explain the role that the health and safety co-ordinator plays on the day of an event? Answer: Introduction This report aims at analysing the role of health and safety policy for an outdoor concert. It also analyses the process for carrying out a risk assessment at a variety of venues. Towards the end of report, it analyses the role that the health and safety co-ordinator plays on the day of an event. Health and safety policy is a crucial component of every event, no matter, outdoor or indoor. It sets out a general approach together with the arrangement that coordinator has made to manage health and safety for the day of event (World Health Organization, 2006). In common terms, health and safety policy is a document which mentions about the roles of the personnel, timings and how health and safety guidelines to be implemented. Health and safety policy is structured in three important parts; Statement of Intent, Organisational details and Arrangements. Statement of Intent describes the commitment of the staff and personnel towards their work. Organisational details describe the names of the staff and their responsibilities for the event related to ensuring health and safety. Arrangements describe the ways that have been determined in order to cope up with main hazards that have been identified in the risk assessment. Health and safety policy for an outdoor concert The health and safety policy is an integrated part of every event. The event being organised is a music concert where the event organiser has the prime responsibility of protecting the health, safety and welfare of the guests and participants. This health and safety policy will bring together information by coordinators and needs of others related to the event including local authority and emergency services. For an outdoor concert such as a music event, managing the health and safety of the people involved is critical. Experts believe that planning of a health and safety policy should start at the time when the planning for the event starts (Callahan, 1973). The key elements of a health and safety policy for an outdoor concert are: Developing a health and safety policy: First element is developing a health and safety policy. As discussed above, it comprises of three sections; Statement of Intent, Organisational details and Arrangements. Planning to implement health and safety policy effectively: Second element is to put the health and safety policy into practice. Many times, health policy is not effective to be practically implemented. Organise the arrangements as per requirements of health and safety policy: Third element is the organisation of the arrangement as per the need of health and safety policy. This includes setting up a medical camp or calling health practitioners (Callahan, 1973). Monitoring and evaluating health and safety policys performance: Fourth element is the monitoring and evaluating the performance of health and safety policy. It is crucial to monitor its performance so that any backlogs can be cleared side by side. Reviewing and auditing the performance of personnel: Fifth element is the reviewing and auditing the performance of staff involved in the implementing health and safety policy (Buonocore, 2009). These are key elements of developing a health and safety policy of an outdoor concert. Process for carrying out a risk assessment at a variety of venues Risk assessment is one of the critical challenges of a health and safety policy. By definition, risk assessment refers to the systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that are involved in any projected activity (Taylor, 2008). Risk assessment process helps to create awareness of hazards and risks, determine who may be at risk such as participants and public, determine if existing control measures are appropriate etc. The process of carrying out a risk assessment at a variety of venues includes: 1. Identify hazard: First step is to determine various hazards that can be expected at the concert venue. 2. Evaluating the likelihood of any injury or illness: Second step is to evaluate the likelihood of the injury and illness to guests, public and participants. 3. Evaluating the normal situations such as power outages in music concert: Third step is to evaluate normal situations that can arise such as power outages, shutdowns, emergencies etc. 4. Reviewing important information about the hazard related health and safety: Fourth step is to review the information related to the health and safety. 5. Determine actions to resolve risk: Fifth step is to figure out methods that can be used to resolve the expected risks. 6. Monitor and cross-check if risk is controlled: Sixth step is to monitor if the risk is controlled and confirm it. 7. Preparing documentation: Documentation is required for risk-assessments so that it could be used in future events also. This is the process of risk assessment at a variety of venues. A typical example of a risk assessment is: Example of Risk Assessment Task Hazard Risk Priority Control Delivering product to customers Drivers work alone May be unable to call for help if needed Drivers have to occasionally work long hours Fatigue, short rest time between shifts Drivers are often in very congested traffic Increased chance of collision Longer working hours Drivers have to lift boxes when delivering product Injury to back from lifting, reaching, carrying, etc. Table 1: Example of Risk Assessment Source: Belling, 2013 Health and safety requirements for a large and small scale event The health and safety requirements for a large and small scale event are different. Below table shows the health and safety requirements for a large and small scale event. Requirement Large Event Small Event Developing an emergency plan At large events, emergency plan is developed for large gatherings. At small events, emergency plan is developed for small gatherings (50-70 people). Determining emergency procedures Crowd management, raising alarm, traffic management etc. Raising alarms, providing medical assistance, informing coordinator. First aid medical workers Contacting hospital staff and skilled health practitioners. Contacting skilled health practitioners Organisation Location of exits, emergency equipment etc. Doesnt require organisation. All issues addressed in emergency plan. Evacuation planning Proper evacuation plan required No need of evacuation plan. Guests, participants can be alerted about emergency exits. Testing and Validation Required since event is conducted at large scale. It is required. Table 2: Health and safety needs of large and small scale event Source: Belling, 2013 Role of co-ordinator in health and safety policy Co-ordinator plays an important role in developing and implementing health and safety policy. Health and safety coordinator is responsible to work with executives, managers and employees to create an environment at events which is safe and healthy (BBC News, 2010). The first responsibility of the health and safety coordinator is to outline safety policy which mentions about the job roles of supervisors, managers and employees in regard to implementing the policy. Second duty of a health and safety coordinator is to conduct investigations in case any accident has taken place. The investigation includes examining the reason which might have been led to the accident, safety measures to be taken to cope up with the damage and future recommendations. Third duty of a health and safety coordinator is to provide training to employees, managers and supervisors about various health and safety topics. He/she can also conduct post-training tests and assessments to check the knowledge level of th e participants (World Health Organization, 2013). Fourth duty of a health and safety coordinator is to conduct audits and safety inspections to determine if any employee is using unauthorised health and safety practices. Fifth duty of a health and safety coordinator is to fill the reports related to health and safety of the event (Lalonde, 1974). These reports can be referred for future events. References World Health Organization. (2006). Constitution of the World Health Organization Basic Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006. Callahan D. (1973). "The WHO definition of 'health'". The Hastings Center Studies 1 (3): 7787. Taylor. S. (2008). "How should health be defined?". BMJ 337. Buonocore G. (2009). "Pleasing desires or pleasing wishes? A new approach to pain definition". Ethics Med 25 (1). Belling, G. (2013). Sport, Disability and an Original Definition of Health. Zenit.org. Accessed on 23 Feb, 2013. "BBC News How stressed are you?". Bbc.co.uk. Accessed on 23 Feb, 2013. World Health Organization, (2013) . The determinants of health. Geneva. Accessed Accessed on 23 Feb, 2013. Lalonde, M. (1974). "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians." Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.