Eth 125 Final Project

ETH/125 Final Project Diversity in America History has never been one of my favorite subjects; however this class has sparked a new interest in me in regards to my culture and how that culture came to be. This Cultural Diversity course has made me pay more attention to the people around me. I think this awareness has helped me relate to and also understand people in a way that I never have before. The one thing that totally surprised me was finding out that white privilege was something real. I thought that this was an ill feeling and belief that mostly Black people had in regards to the White race.White people, in my mind, had it all; they had certain advantages simply because they were White. The White Privilege section in Chapter 13 of Racial Ethnic Groups states a few of those advantages. I knew that being considered financially reliable, having the ability of articulation, and seeing people of the same race being represented in popular media were common advantages of the White r ace. Consequently, I thought they saw themselves as privileged and were proud about it. The information from this course that will be the most memorable is that, in general, the people from the White race do not see themselves as have any ethnicity.They feel as though they have been separated from their European roots; they are simply Caucasian. They are also victims of reverse discrimination; I almost laughed the first time I read this in the text. Now, I know that this is a laughing matter. I have seen evidence of this in my life. I asked 50 of my neighbors a yes or no question. This question was: â€Å"Do you believe that most Black people would label a random White person they see on the street as a racist? † Out of the 50 people, of evenly varied ethnicities, 41 of them replied with a yes.These results are a relevant example of how much diversity affects the person, currently and throughout history. Something New With my mother being Black and my father being Puerto Rica n, I have always been curious about my cultural roots; however, they both passed away when I was very young, so I never had the chance to inquire about my Hispanic side. One of things that I learned from this course was that there are about 4. 4 million Puerto Ricans here in the United States; I never could have imagined that number being so great in value.Another surprising fact I learned was that between the years of 1990 and 2009, the population of Puerto Ricans in New York fell by more than 100,000. U. S. Population in Year 2050 Let’s take a break on the present and think about the future of the United States. With all of the immigrants relocating here daily, along with the increasing amounts of interracial marriage, it should come to no surprise that by the year 2050 the Whites will no longer be the majority race. The Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American portion of the population is estimated to rise from 36 percent to 54 percent.This nation is comparable to a sup er-magnet; America attracts people from all over the world. The population is expected to rise 100 million by the year 2050, but this number all depends on the amount of immigration. Estimates of the United States population around the year 2050 vary from the U. N. ’s 404 million to the U. S. Census Bureau’s 422 to 458 million. U. S. + Diversity = Challenges The challenges that the United States have faced and overcome are a small reflection of the future challenges that America will have in the future.There will be challenges based around race, equality/inequality, and energy in the future. My great-grandmother said, â€Å"There is nothing new under the sun. Some days are just a shade darker or brighter in some people’s eyes. † I also believe that illegal immigration will become more of a problem in the future because of the direct relation that it has to the American population. The more people who come illegally, has a direct relation to certain increa ses in crime for most major cities.This is because they are not able to work in America legally; they have to get their money somehow, and illegal crimes is the most common choice of immigrants who come here illegally. Benefits of a Diverse Society Benefits of a diverse society help in every aspect of our individual lives and in our lives as a whole. People of different cultures offer different views in many areas. These benefits enrich our lives and the acceptance of those benefits is enriching to the immigrants’ lives. The different seasonings at your local supermarket are a very small example of this country’s diversity.People bring their cultures with them; those cultures, beliefs, and ways of living are new to us and many have been adapted and frequently used by the American people in their everyday lives. For example, acupuncture originally was used solely by the Chinese/Oriental people, but there are currently hundreds of thousands of people in America that eith er use, or practice acupuncture. Climate of Acceptance and Cultural Pluralism The question was posed, â€Å"How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the U. S. My very simple answer is by treating others the way that you would want to be treated by others. Compared to when my mother was a teenager, the level of â€Å"rudeness† is more than topped the charts. It seems like the everyday, normal â€Å"Joe† and â€Å"Jane† are always in a rut or exhibiting anger in some form. I believe this is a reaction what goes on their lives, like the people they interact with. So if the current reaction is different from past reactions, in a way it could be tied to their understanding of the people around them.Diversity is very scary for some; those people feel this way because of some personal fear or cultural fear that has been passed down to them. The way to overcome this fear, is to prove this fear wrong. If I fear white people because I think the y will look down on me, then I should be around them more to find out if that is true for every person of that race. Since that is not likely, it will prove that not every person of every race is that specific way. This is how we become more pluralistic. Meet more people of different races and ethnicities and your life will become more enriched.A Change for Pluralism Pluralism is the term used for when people of all racial and ethnic groups have equal overall standings in their social lives; furthermore, the different identity groups coexist, but they also maintain their own distinctive cultures. As of yet, the United States has not achieved social pluralism, but if we all put forth our best efforts to change some of our behaviors, we could more than possibly achieve this incredible goal. Personally, the first behavioral change that I would make would be to avoid telling, listening, and participating in ethnic-based jokes.I believe that people sometimes do not realize how hurtful th ose â€Å"LOL’s† can be. Reading books/magazines and watching plays and movies about various groups not of your own can better acquaint and prepare you for face to face interactions. The most exciting change that I will make is learning about the various cultures, along with their beliefs, and traditions. Embracing and experiencing at least some part of another group’s ways, helps to close the gap between cultures and brings our society a little closer to being pluralistic.This world is ours to make wonderful. Diversity is something that will enrich our lives, but has hindered our progress as a whole in the past. Pluralism is the next step in progression for the human race. Embrace your neighbor and all of their differences. References American Multicultural Publications, 2007-2012, Cultural diversity, www. diversity-books. com Wikipedia, September 2012, cultural pluralism, http://wikipedia. org Wendy Baldwin, November 2012, Population Reference Bureau, www. prb . org John J. Macionis, 2011-2012, Social Problems, Pearson

The modernization of these economies involved allowing

The term ‘Asian Tigers’ refer to the Asian countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. These nations have experienced massive economic growth figures due to their policies on key economic areas. These policies involve allowing for free market trade to allowing for investments by foreign firms.However, the respective Governments have over time interfered with the trade between these nations and other trading partners so as to protect the interests of their nations (Seyoum 2000, p.61). This allows for a favorable balance of trade leading to an increase in the budget amounts that will be used to provide basic necessities to the people.The modernization of these economies involved allowing for free trade to take place, imposing low import barriers and scouting for foreign direct investment so as to increase on their national output and acquire the necessary infrastructure for the production of quality products for importation .From an economic perspective, sup ply creates its own demand thus letting the market forces to determine output and prices. South Korea restricts the importation of products by imposing strict barriers like the issuing of permits to importers which hindered the basic economic principle from determining the nations’ trade.This was seen as a move to protect the local market from foreigners who would exploit the market. To promote the export sector, the government provided goodies to the exporting firms that included establishing export processing zones and reducing taxes paid by this firms ( Amsden 1999, p.49)Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan did not fully restrict imports and foreign investors as the governments saw it as a way of partnering strategically with other nations for economic development. Singapore allowed for imports from few countries like India that provided raw materials that were not available for example cotton. It also allowed for free trade with the United States under a free trade agreement t hat was implemented in 2003 that involved the exportation of textiles (Sharma 2003, p. 123).For foreign investment, Singapore restricted investments for foreigners for the sake of protecting its local skilled labor. By allowing investments from abroad, the government viewed it as a way of increasing unemployment levels in the nation since most foreigners will come along with their skilled labourers and recruit just but a few semi-skilled employees locally.Therefore, Singapore considered having strategic partners for its economic growth.

Returning to School

Returning to school after being out of school for 25 years can be a challenge in many ways. At times, it looks daunting and almost impossible. However, decisions like this are not made overnight. Neither are steps like this taken without some kind of preparation. Over time, there has been much physical, emotional and academic preparation. Physical preparation for this course was probably the easiest part of preparation.First of all, there has been research into to which college Is the best fit for the goals hat are desired to be obtained. In addition, several colleagues at work have returned to work and have told of the time that will be needed to obtain this goal. They have been an invaluable resource in telling how to physically Juggle working full time plus going to school. That has been the greatest preparation for the physical demands: Watching my colleagues. Other physical demands, such as computer needs, Internet connections, etc. Walden has been very good at being forth comin g about what is needed for those things. It is helpful to know how to structure life. Colleagues at work are helpful in knowing the best way to obtain books, sources to look for information, and other physical demands that will arise in this academic journey. To become emotionally prepared has been much more challenging. I had hoped that I would never have to return to school. I have obtained specialized trainings, certifications, and other skills with the hopes of not returning to school because It seemed like such a daunting task.However, for the past two to three years. I have started to see that the landscape of nursing is changing. I have realized that to continue to grow professionally and personally I am going to need my bachelor's degree. This realization of professional need has helped prepare me emotionally. I have spent the past two years looking into what is required to go back to school. I have also spent time observing how others who are my peers and who are also In sc hool observing are managing the process. I figured, â€Å"If they can do It, then so can l. It Is also a challenge to prepare academically. Tidying Is not a difficult task. For me, the hardest struggle has been to write a paper. In today's learning environment, the process is entirely online and majority of the process is about writing. My weakest subject has always been English. I have never used PAP format. Therefore, this thought Is single greatest component that has kept me from returning to school. It Is a great relief to spend time learning about the writing center and the resources they have to offer.I have spent time listening to the webzines and plan to access efferent parts of the writing centers help during my time at Walden. Other colleagues have told me of resources they have used to help them in this area. One day, at the pharmacy, even my pharmacist and her assistant offered to proof-read my papers for me! So, I feel like I have more support in these areas than I had at one time. Returning to school is a life altering decision. It takes lots of adjustment and much preparation. I am hoping that the preparation I have made In all ways- Alden university.

Media Creates Political and Ideological Controversies Essay

Media Creates Political and Ideological Controversies - Essay Example Audiences are seen to be susceptible to any message or information that is presented by the media. As per Lowery and DeFleur’s theory media has an immense impact on its viewers. This theory endorses great power and influence on the media. Although later research disproved this theory, it was evident through the findings (Hyman & Sheatsley 1947) that audiences were not brainless recipients of information and formed their own opinions of media’s projections of news and events. But fact remains that even though media coverage may not be able to completely form a public’s opinion on just one front, it is responsible for how they view the world. This is where the agenda-setting theory of mass communication comes in. while the media may not be able to tell us exactly how we should think, it does specify what we should think about. â€Å"The agenda-setting theory was originally developed to explain the influence of the mass media in determining which political issues become important in elections. Adroit committee members and politicians claim that if you can control the agenda you can control the meeting.† (Sutherland & Sylvester 2000). Basically, the most crucial function of media is to act as a gateway between the public and the government. It’s the media who provide information regarding political matters and matters regarding policy and governance. Newspapers aim to cover politics and issues related to politics follow the guidelines that journalists must remain â€Å"politically correct† and neutral and â€Å"present† covering all sides of the argument (Sloan & Mackay 2007) Research has shown that most media slant is focused on coverage related to political and election campaigns, where media needs to influence the general public. But very few researches have been done to check why the media slant is involved in such  specific issues such as â€Å"immigration† and why is it covered by â€Å"negatively† slanted media coverage.

In France, appropriate conduct, trust and understanding of social Essay

In France, appropriate conduct, trust and understanding of social status are vital factors for success - Essay Example International business management comprises learning different cultures of the nations where a company intends to enter. Cross-cultural management helps to gain understanding about business tactics, human personality and leadership/management style that are significant for possessing effective business relationships with people in foreign countries (Bowie, 2008). The paper describes the business environment and culture of France and China for conducting business of a retail fashion organisation in the United Kingdom named River Island. The objective of the paper is to recognise the cross-cultural aspects of China and France with respect to leadership style and business practices which need to be considered by River Island in order to conduct business in foreign nations. Furthermore, the paper analyses the business environment and legal structure of both nations for assessing the suitability of conducting business. Business Environment of France France is regarded as the international cultural capital. It is one of the biggest and most diverse nations in Europe. France is also recognised as a modern nation among the European countries with respect to technology and business. France has always been the core of international business and trade. France is an extremely consolidated nation. Among many larger cities in France, Paris plays a significant part with respect to governmental regulations and business opportunities. France has advanced rail network and structured road transport system that offer smooth access to major capitals and metropolises (Nouel, 2005). Economic Environment France is known as the world’s fifth biggest economy with respect to gross domestic product (GDP). In the year 2007, the GDP of France was almost â‚ ¬1892 billion and inflation rate was about 1.5%. In the year 2002, France had accepted Euro as its domestic currency (Moore Stephens International Limited, 2009). France is also considered as one of the biggest exporters of the world. In the year 2008, France had exported US$767 billion worth of goods (MGI World, 2009). France not only has progressive industrial economy, but also is advanced in automobile industry, aerospace, information technology, electronics, chemicals and fashion industry. France is one of the significant members of G8 leading industrialised nations (MGI World, 2009). Fashion Retail Industry of France France plays a vital role in catalysing enthusiasm about fashion all through the nation. The fashion industry of France has acquired its acceptability from high-end and high creative sector. The brand management capability, affluence and commercial aptitude of France gradually dribbled over the mass fashion retail market segment by motivating the appearance of international brands (Girod, 2012). In the year 2009, the total income of French apparel retail industry was worth US$48,956.4 million which accounted for compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.6% (Datamonitor, 2009). In order to

Globalization and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalization and media - Essay Example In an important 2006 article, Schiller asserted that we should reassess any notions we have that the era of cultural domination is over. He looks back over the last quarter century, and draws parallels between the situation faced then, and that with which we are now confronted. On the whole, he concludes that very little has actually changed. Revisiting this comparison is a worthwhile exercise in attempting to distil the essential nature of the debate between those who hold cultural imperialism to be a relevant concept, and those who would have it dismissed as archaic. Schiller noted that in the 1980s, there was a clear division between the western and industrialized ‘First World’, a ‘Second World’ made up largely of the countries aligned to the socialist blocs led by the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China, and a ‘Third World’ made up of those countries which had gained independence in recent decades (295). Across all of thes e categories, the United States was, politically and culturally, the most powerful state, with the Third World deliberately being targeted with American cultural exports, and a vision of an American lifestyle to aspire to. As Schiller himself concedes, there have been some important alterations to the global cultural landscape in the intervening decades. For one, the Second World has practically disappeared. Those countries which might still be grouped in this category, such as China and Vietnam, are increasingly open to American and other Western cultural imports, while some, such as the countries of the former Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, became an area in which American-style cultural norms flourished after the collapse of government from Moscow. Furthermore, we are now consciously witnessing the political and economic decline of the United States, in relative terms, when compared to the fast-growing economies of China and India. The Chinese economy, for example, has just over taken the Japanese in order of size. This raises pressing questions about whether American cultural dominance can be sustained in a world where its political dominance in diminished. Schiller argues that ‘Cultural submersion’ to American norms remains powerful, and this term has in fact been broadened beyond just watching American television programs and movies, to shopping in American-style malls and going to theme parks. There is, of course, a change in the cultural sphere which has been even more important than all of this, and that is the broadening of the definition of media, to cover what we now collectively refer to as the ‘social media’ – including the blogosphere and the social networking websites which have proliferated in the past decade. This issue will be discussed in more detail below, but Schiller argues that despite the rise of new media, television retains its former importance. He claims that the emergence of satellite and cable net works has prevented this happening (297). At this point his argument becomes less powerful. In the early 1990s, as the Soviet bloc collapsed and American culture seemed triumphant all over the world, Schiller’s contention stands firm, but in the present decade, with revolutions and uprisings, as well as broader internal debate and opposition being fuelled by websites and forums that are independent of any political authority, the

Managing Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Environment Essay

Managing Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Environment - Essay Example Cultural diversity refers to people belonging to diverse cultures working in one organisation, which is rampant in Singapore because of its history of immigrants and also due to its growing economic prospects. The present discourse focuses on the way Singapore manages its cultural diversity. The topic explores various governmental initiatives as well as organisational policies towards diversity management in this region. During the process, a critical view of the policies and practices and their impact on other aspects of organisational performance would be placed to assess the effectiveness of the policies and practices. Moreover, possible recommendations to tackle these challenges would be suggested based on organisational practices. 2. Background: While the effects of globalization have been so profound that all organisations have to adapt to the changes, diversity is one of the strategies adopted for sustainability and performance. This reflects in their policies and practices wi th respect to human resources management. Though the western countries adopted this route much earlier, it is relatively newer concept in most of the Eastern nations (Mor-Barack, 2005). This does not mean that the Eastern nations did not employ people from different cultures and ethnic groups; but just that the organisations have started adopting policies and practices to encourage and, to an extent, suit multicultural and diverse populations during last few decades. The most important requirement for managing diversity comes from equal rights act and policies congruent with this act, which create favourable social, legal and organisational environment to all groups of people. Secondly, organisational policies and practices that encourage and support diversified workforce. 3. Rationale: Globalization has provided extraordinary benefits to organisations, which has enticed many organisations to enter the global market. This has further increased the numbers of people from different ba ckgrounds, cultures, races and ethnic groups to work together at different locations. On the other hand, organisations in some sectors are known to have moved to other places in order to flourish because the legislation there was more conducive to their strategies; for example, Singapore has relaxed legislation related to bioresearch, unlike in the Western countries. Many Western bioresearch organisations shifted their base to Singapore (Huat, 2011). Much before such movements, Singapore is known for cultural diversity because it was established because of immigrants from different parts of the world, which created a plural and highly diverse and ethnic society (Chen-Tung, Ong & Chen, 1980). With such high cultural diversity, Singapore is one of the most advanced and flourished nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Many reasons make Singapore as the focus of discussion related to management of cultural diversity in organisations. The immense industrial growth in Singapore suggests tha t workplace diversity, specifically cultural diversity, is being managed effectively; this fact is further reinforced by the immense movement that is continuing, and potential that still exists in this part of the world. Secondly, Singapore hosts a variety of cultural mix, which makes it even more difficult for diversity management for organisations if they have to cater to the cultural differences of all groups that are a part of them. At least these two critical reasons are enough to explore

International Arbitration Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Arbitration - Dissertation Example The Second Chapter deals with the research methodology adopted in this work. A doctrinal approach was followed in this research work. The Third chapter provides a Literature Review. In this chapter, many case studies were included to examine the effectiveness of investment arbitration. Moreover, scholarly reports and extant literature on the topic were scrutinised. The Fourth Chapter deals with a discussion of the findings and the fifth chapter deals with conclusions. Ambiguity in the interpretation of the treaty provisions, lack of expertise in ministries in case of developing countries, bias on the part of the arbitrator are some of the reasons identified for the lack of success of investment arbitration. Shortcomings with International Investment Arbitration Chapter 1 – Introduction Investment treaty arbitration is significantly different from other types of arbitration. In investment arbitration, the arbitrator is empowered to make decisions that are final. This type of ar bitration brings to the fore a number of issues relating to impartiality and independence. In the other types of arbitration, the final decision is taken by the court.1 As is well known, the courts enjoy independence from private and state power. Such independence is promoted by providing judges with a secure tenure, precluding outside remuneration and the adoption of an objective procedure of assigning cases. These factors are conspicuous by their absence in investment arbitration. As a consequence, it is not uncommon for these arbitral awards to be influenced by inappropriate factors. 2 These safeguards do not find a place in investment treaty arbitration. A class of inappropriate influences is that related to the career and financial interests of arbitrators. These arbitrators do not have secure tenure and engage in remunerative activities that are external to their role as adjudicators. 3 The independence and impartiality of the investment arbitral process is crucially dependent on the existence of openness. In the absence of transparency, it become difficult if not impossible to confirm the integrity and fairness of the decision making process. 4 Arbitrations related to investment treaties emerge from bilateral and multilateral treaties formed between countries to promote foreign investment. In general, such treaties incorporate provisions for settling disputes between a private foreign investor and the host nation by arbitration, under public international law. 5 Contemporary international arbitration is widely believed to have commenced with the Jay Treaty of 1974. This treaty was entered into by the US and Great Britain. Private international arbitration had not developed during that epoch and there was a predominance of international arbitral commissions.6 Subsequently there was an increase in instances of private international commercial arbitration. However, this system of arbitration has not yet developed to any significant extent. Wider acceptance of this method of dispute resolution could render it more transparent. Such arbitration views confidentiality as a significant feature of the dispute resolution. Accordingly, if the parties are in favour of keeping their dispute resolution confidential, then they have to incorporate relevant clauses in their arbitration contract. 7 Another method of ensuring confidentiality is to make a reference in

Environmental Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Science - Essay Example ng energy saver bulbs at home instead of tube lights for most of the time; putting off microwave and television instead of putting them on standby mode; using water bottles that are reusable; purchasing a car that has more mileage on gas; composting my grass clippings instead of putting them in plastic bags and throwing them away; turning off extra lights at night and also during the day; and, reusing things like office papers and clothes. I have also decided to plant a tree somewhere, every year. This will help the environment go greener, making it sustainable. I want to adopt these things because I want to make my environment stable, and want to make the best use of natural resources. I want to do so because I have understood the importance of sustainable environment. Hence, my journal writing has invoked sustainable thinking within me, which is good not only for the environment, but also for me as a living

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ( PLANNING A MEETING ) Assignment

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ( PLANNING A MEETING ) - Assignment Example These people have been invited as the lack of safety norms are near the factory floor and hence the Manufacturing manager needs to be present. Similarly, my deputy and the admin assistant are invited. Further, the HR manager has to represent the employees and air their grievances. The chief compliance officer is to be invited so that the relevant laws and regulations are explained. The objectives of the meeting would be to ensure that the safety standards are being followed and that the company is not violating any laws that deal with the same. Further, an action plan to address the lack of safety standards and how to redress the same has to be part of the objectives. Assigning responsibilities to the relevant members is a priority item as well. Hence, the agenda would mainly consist of identifying potential areas where the company is found wanting and take steps to address the same. The employee side of the story would have to be discussed with the HR manager and the Manufacturing manager has to install the disabled friendly workspaces on the factory floor. The compliance officer has to report to the regulators on the progress of the action

The impact of Privatization of the liquor control board of Essay

The impact of Privatization of the liquor control board of Ontario(LCBO)on economics - Essay Example The LCBO also develops wine and bear production in Ontario, its price and marketing policies are very supportive. The LSBO has successfully achieved all these objectives. "The LCBO"is one of the most profitable public agencies in Canada. It has delivered billions in profits and sales taxes to the taxpayers of Ontario over the past decade..." (Retail alcohol monopolies, 1993). So there is a question: will it be more efficient to divide the alcohol beverages market among smaller private firms which are not easy to be controlled rather than to provide reasonable policy in this market This paper will discuss possible impacts of privatization of the liquor control board of Ontario (LCBO) on economics and social sphere of Ontario. Privatization of alcohol beverages industry is a serious step touching all main spheres of Ontario population, so it can result many (basically negative) consequences for the province. The LCBO is a monopoly in the market which has its efficient net of stores, so it can "bargain for lower prices and greater special discounts from suppliers and carriers" (The Legislative Assembly, 2005). It also is able to provide efficient costs: "The liquor control boards are also likely to have lower operating costs. The privately-owned outlets are fragmented and multiply rapidly, while the control stores are open for fewer hours, and are integrated and centralized in their operations and distribution network" (The Legislative Assembly, 2005). In addition, privately-owned firms have higher capital costs than the LCBO that also leads to the price increasing. Experience analysis of other areas and countries follows the same tendency. In Alberta "the price of beer rose from 5 to 6%, the price of whisky from 6 to 8%, and the price of certain liqueurs rose up to 23% compared to ALCB prices" (Bernard M. and Lauzon L.-P., 1995). One more example: "Iowa, privatized the wine trade in 198 5, and the sale of spirits in 1987. After a short period of stability, sale prices gradually rose by 7% within a year, mainly to ensure a margin of profit for new private firms." (Bernard M. and Lauzon L.-P., 1995).Another impact of the LCBO privatization is a smaller product selection. At first it seems strange, but a corporation has more possibilities for providing consumer choice. It "consolidates orders and makes it possible to obtain a greater number of brands; a small retailer cannot afford to order items which are not best sellers" (Bernard M. and Lauzon L.-P., 1995). An example of Alberta illustrates the tendency: "before privatization, certain ALCB stores displayed over 2000 products; after privatization, the choice offered to consumers was reduced to less than 500 products. Inventories were reduced and discontinued items became a frequent occurrence" (Bernard M. and

Homeostatic Balances Essay Example for Free

Homeostatic Balances Essay

Poetry on War An Analysis

Poetry on War An Analysis Opening with Auspices, an astonishing performance by Susan Mason which straightaway reminds of the African workers singing blues in 19th Century South American coltures, Poets on War clearly committed to the sufferings of war and imprisonment from the very beginning. Held on 1st February 2017 at the Southbank Centre, London, as part of The Poetry Librarys special edition, which takes place every first Wednesday of the month, the event was based on the participation of four contemporary poets, Ruth OCallaghan, Adnan al-Sayegh, Jenny Lewis and Hylda Sims, who tried to look at war with the sentiments of horror, sympathy and humour. As a result of a splendid collaboration between the diversity of such poets and their poems and the way they decided to lead them, the event immediately took the shades and the features of the so-called world literature, moving from London artistically and linguistically for a couple of hours. Ruth OCallaghan and some extracts from her collection Vortices (Shoestring, 2015) directed the first part of the evening. Approaching the idea of war and borders between countries and people, Ruth discusses and traces conflicts from bibical times to present day, raising the thought-provoking reflection that war has been an unfortunate constant in human beings lives and that poetry has followed it, giving voice to its effects and consequences. Hotel Owner is the poem that opens the first section and meditates on the idea of the hotel as a country without boundaries, in which people could feel safe, live and escape the world outside. 1914, on the other hand, treats the more technical part of the war, accounting for the ways in which slaughters have been perpetrated over history and particularly how death had different ideas in 1914. However, the most interesting points came out from Meine Liebe Mutter, which outlines the horrors of the war touching sensitively and respectfully the theme of son-mother relationship on the background of the Second World War. In concentration camps death had become ordinary and Ruth profoundly describes how the prisoners used to confront it: we never turned our face against the enemy, as killing is an intimate act. This striking idea of a connection between victim and murderer had a chilling impact on the whole audience: it placed a real difficulty in deciding with which part the reader would s ympathise. The relation established is so close but we are still so far from understanding the private, perpetual awareness of death. At last, before ending accompanied by a singing duet by Susan Mason and Emelia Lederleitnerova, Ruth quoted Tony Blair in his famous 1997 victory speech in which he claimed that his would have been the first generation ever not going to war or sending their children to war: as the poet observed after, he did not make the dream last long, declaring war on Talibans in 2001 and giving life to a new generation of soldiers and war poets. The second part of the event left space to the distinguished Iraqi poet-in-exile Adnan al-Sayegh. Experienced imprisonment during the Iran-Iraq war and sentenced to death in 1996 for the publication of the poem Uruks Anthem, Adnan took refuge in Sweden and has been living in London since 2004. His poetry, translated in several languages, is actively political and set against oppression and injustice, demonstrating an intense passion for freedom, love and beauty. In Poets on War, he gave the audience the pleasure to hear his lines recited in Arabic, their original language and then read out loud in translation thanks to the collaboration of Jenny Lewis, writer and teacher in poetry at Oxford University. Adnan transported the audience into another world: the melodic sound of Arabic was incredibly effective in trasmitting the sufferings and despair of the Iraqi experience and gave the event a touch of powerful originality. Delivering the message in the original language, the poet made clear how feelings such as pain and fear are universal and how languages and cultures become a way to make their acquaitance under different perspectives. Wars have broken out terribly equally everywhere and have made people escape their homelands in search of safer places, devastating lives and families: if nowhere is immune to war, then, as it was remarked in Second Song to Inanna/Ishtar, Let poetry be our country. The Iraqi poet actively shared the stage with two wonderful women: Jenny Lewis, who collaborated with him and participated with some poems of hers and Hylda Sims, who elegantly challenged all the skeptics who claim that war cannot be approached with any kind of humour. Gripping her guitar under her arm, she started singing her famous Bin Laden: Bin Ladens in my garden outside Canada Square!Shall I bring him a cup of tea?Im afraid hes got to go! Making the atmosphere lively and vibrant, Hylda gave a huge contribution to the structure of the event: she offered a new modern view on the theme of war by also incorporating the genre of the song and involved the audience in it teaching them her version of Adnans Sketch to sing, which made the small library look much more familiar. Besides being the elder component of the troop of Poets on War, her voice and tone proved to extremely grasp our times with consciousness, from the side of common people. Introducing her poem 21st Century War, which is very much about the 11th September 2001 terroristic attack, Hylda made a salient point about how war is still thriving around us but we are not always directly aware of it, even when we see its brutal consequences: as the events programme stated, The 21st century appears to already have equalled previous centuries for death, displacement, terrorism, political misjudgement and religious conflict and we as historical witnesses should keep a better pace with it. Overall, meant to be a travel in war poetry, this reunion of thoughts successfully caught the attention of the audience by mentioning contemporary and modern issues and by involving them in a friendly, accessible musical environment.

Analysis of Indias Mutual Fund Industry

Analysis of Indias Mutual Fund Industry Executive Summary The report titled â€Å"Mutual Fund† has been prepared to give an in-depth analysis of mutual fund industry in India and also a brief study of Mutual fund structure outside India. The report starts with the introduction of Mutual Fund, giving details about what Mutual Fund is all about. This has been done so to make even a layman understand what a mutual fund is. After the introduction part, there is a mention of the parties involved in mutual fund business, namely the AMC, Fund Managers, Dealers of Mutual Fund, Distributors, Investors of Mutual Fund, and the Regulators and so on. Later on, in the report, the inclusion of types of Mutual fund, gives a good knowledge of different categories of mutual fund. The categorization has been made on different measures. Almost all the measures have been included in this report. This part of report has great details of the types of mutual funds. Later part of the report contains the Mutual Fund history in India. The developments that have taken place since the start of Mutual Fund in India have been discussed in this part of the report. The history of Mutual Fund has been discussed in here under different phases. After the history part, the report discusses about the different fund performance. One of the important parts of the part is the NAV part. In this section of report, a detailed study has been done on Net Asset Value (NAV) of Mutual Fund. How the NAV is calculated, its misconception in the minds of investors, how important it is for the parties of Mutual Fund has been explained in this section of the report. Just after this section, there is a mention of Taxation in Mutual Fund. How Mutual Funds are taxed and what are the tax-free Mutual Funds available in the market has been discussed. This part has been discussed with examples, so as to make the investors understand, how they can be benefited with the buying of Mutual Funds. The different terminologies in Mutual Fund namely, SIP, SWP, ARP, AWP, etc has been discussed in this report. The last section of the report discussed about the risks involved in the mutual fund. The different methods through which the risks involved in mutual fund, has been discussed in this section. Also discussed are the advantages and disadvantages of buying a mutual fund. There has also been a comparison made between the returns that can be earned from mutual fund as compared with fixed deposit in banks, in post offices and investment in stock markets. MUTUAL FUNDS What is a Mutual Fund? A mutual fund is a vehicle to pool money from investors with a promise that the money would be invested in a particular manner, by professional managers who are expected to owner the promise. In India mutual funds are governed by the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The basic idea behind a mutual fund is that individual investors generally lack the time, the inclination or the skills to manage their own investments. Thus, mutual funds hire professional managers to manage the investment for the benefit of their investors in return for a management fee. Then Mutual Funds came as a solution to benefit investors who had little or no idea about the working of stock market but were eager to create some money out of it. It was created for the benefit of investors who were not able to understand the complicated functioning of the stock market but had money to invest in it. The basic purpose of any mutual fund is to put the money of the investors into various scrip in the stock market by creating a portfolio (a collection of various shares) and making investors understand the benefits and drawbacks of each and every scheme. The benefit to the customers is that they can invest in various stocks, can get help from professional people and that their money is being managed by professional who have clear understanding of the market. The organization that manages the investment is the Asset Management Company (AMC). Employees of the AMC who perform this role of managing investments are the fund managers. Professional Managements Main idea behind mutual fund is that individual investors lack time and technical skills to research their choice of stock and invest in them so mutual fund hire skilled professional to manage investment of investors in return of management fee. The organization which mange this mutual funds are called Asset Management Company (AMC) And employees who perform this task are called Fund Mangers SCHEMES Portfolio Management Schemes Investors have their own preference on how they want to invest their money and how much risk they want to take. Personal treatment with which an individual investor manages their investment and how much risk they want to be decided is done by professional managers is referred as Portfolio Managements Schemes (PMS). This is normally done for investment under Rs 10 lakhs. Money in trust A mutual fund manages investment of the schemes for the benefits of the investors. Every schemes has an Investment Portfolio (portfolio statement) Account of income and expenditure (revenue Account) Account of asset and liabilities (Balance Sheet) To insure fairness in investment, SEBI regulates the expenditure that can be charged to a scheme. Who are the Parties Involved? Investors Every investor according to their financial position takes risk that is called risk profile or risk appetite. So hypothesis tells that by taking risk of loosing whole or partial money it is possible that investor would gain profit out of investment. Trustees These are the people within the mutual fund organization who are responsible ensuring that investors interest in a scheme is taken care properly. Asset Management Company AMCs manages the investment portfolio of schemes. An AMCs income come from the management fee it charges for the schemes it manages. Every AMC asset under management because cost can not be reduced below some fixed level after that it becomes viable. Distributors Distributors bring investors in mutual fund and it earns commission on each investors. It is AMC decision whether to bear cost fully on distributors or partially. On financial and physical resources distributors could be: Tier 1 who have their own franchised network reaching out to the investors all across the country. Tier 2- who are generally regional players with some reach within their region. Tier3 who are small and marginal players with limited reach. Registrar An investors holding in mutual fund schemes is typically tracked by schemes Registrar and Transfer agent. Some manages it own house and some appoint it outside. Request to invest more money or to redeem money against existing investment is done by RT. Custodian/Depository The custodian maintain the securities in which the scheme invest this ensure an outgoing independent record of the investment of the schemes Schemes and units:- Investment in company is normally represented by certain number of shares People invest in a company by acquiring its share and disinvest by selling its shares. The total outstanding shares of a company multiplied by the face value of each share, Constitute the share capital of a company. Shares are represented in a company and units are represented in a mutual fund scheme. Types of schemes Mutual fund schemes can be offered with any of a range of investment objectives each corresponding to a certain point in the risk return matrix. It can be categorized based on tenor, asset, class, position philosophy geography. Open End Schemes These are the schemes which do not have the fixed maturity. The mutual fund ensures the liquidity by announcing sale and repurchases prices for the units of an open end schemes on an ongoing basis. Investors who wish to exit from an open end scheme can offer their unit to the mutual for redemption, generally called repurchase. Similarly mutual fund can sell new units to investors who want to participate in schemes generally called sale. Additionally a mutual fund can choose to provide liquidity by listing in stock exchange, in that case investor can either trade schemes or opt for above mentioned route. Closed End Schemes These are schemes which have fixed maturity Liquidity in such case is available through listing in stock market. Trade alters change in ownership but dont change in schemes unit capital. Occasionally closed end schemes provide a re purchase option to investors. Either by a specified period or after a specified period normally up to a total limit for all investors together, or limit per investors. Such repurchase would reduce the unit capital of the schemes. Asset Class Equity schemes invest in shares. Depending upon the schemes objective investment could be, Growth stock where earning growth is expected to be attractive Momentum stock that can go up and down with line market Value stock where the fund manager is of the view that current valuation in the stock market does not reflect intrinsic value Income stock that can earn high returns through dividends. Debt or income schemes GILT schemes These invest in government securities. Apart from being the most liquid schemes in the debt market, government securities are eligible for liquidity support. Bond Schemes These schemes invest in bond securities issued by the government or any other issuer. BondSchemes can help people overcome some of the barriers to private renting posed by the requirement to pay a bond to a landlord. Bondschemes are usually set up by the local authority, a voluntary organization or by the Probation Service. All BondSchemes have the same goal: to help people who could not otherwise do so to access private rented accommodation. In achieving this goal a successful scheme will be contributing to the confidence and efficiency of the private rented sector and helping to combat homelessness by assisting homeless and potentially homeless people. Features of the 8% Savings (Taxable) Bond Scheme 2003 Junk Bond Schemes Junk bond schemes in securities that are below investment grade. High yield bonds are politically correct way of referring to junk bonds. Junk bonds can be identified through the lower grades assigned by rating services (e.g., BBB instead of AAA for the highest quality bonds). Because the possibility of default is great, junk bonds are usually considered too risky for investment by the large institutional investors (mutual funds) that provide U.S. corporations with much of their investment capital. Junk bonds are often issued by smaller, newer companies. Money Market and Liquid Schemes These schemes invest in short term debt instrument. Money Markets Instruments include: Commercial papers Commercial bills Treasury bills Government securities having an unexpired maturity up to one year Call or notice money Certificate of deposit Usance bills Permitted securities under a repo / reverse repo agreement Any other like instruments as may be permitted by RBI / SEBI from time to time. Liquid/Money market schemes: These are designed for corporate and small businessmen to use for cash or treasury management. These schemes allow them to park short-term surplus funds in the money market, so that they earn some return before they find end uses. They invest in money market instruments like call money, inter-corporate deposits and commercial paper. Their returns range from 8 to 11 per cent, depending on money market conditions. Even salaried individuals can use them in the short term, since they offer better returns than savings accounts. Some funds even offer cheque-writing facilities. Risk comes from money market volatility which also creates the possibility of gain due to a sudden increase in rates. Balanced Schemes Balanced schemes invest in both equity and debt. The debt investment ensures a basic interest income. Which fund managers hope to top up with capital gains on the investment portfolio. However loses can eat into the basic interest and the income. Big advantage of these schemes is that market risk is more palatable Capital Protected Schemes It is a kind of balanced schemes, where a part of the initial issue proceeds is invested in gilts that would mature to a value equivalent to the unit capital of the schemes. Thus the investors capital is protected. Physical Asset Technically said that mutual fund can invest in any asset whether it can be real asset, precious metals, other metals (aluminium, steel) oil and commodities. In India regulatory framework does permit investment in real asset. Schemes by Position Philosophy. Sector Funds Regulator equity funds invest in a mix of equities that are spread across different sectors so they are called diversified equity funds. Sectors funds on other hands invest in a particular sector, Like energy funds. Index Funds These funds create and replicate according to the specified index such as BSE, NSE, etc. and such position can be created by two methods It can be done by maintaining an investment portfolio that replicates the composition of a chosen index. Weight is same according to the index weight. This replicating style is called the passive investing. Investment fund are called passive funds. And funds that are not passive are called managed funds. Index schemes are also called as unmanaged schemes(since they are passive) or tracker schemes(since they track index) Another is by doing research and identifying a basket of securities and derivatives whose movement is similar to that of index. Schemes that invest in such basket are called as active index funds. Enhanced Index Funds This is a managed index funds that can beat the performance of a bench mark index by at least 0.1 % but no more than the 2% if it crosses 2.5 it is called equity mutual fund. Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) These are open end funds that trade on the exchange. ETF different from index funds in following respect A single NAV in case of open end and in case of ETF is traded in the market place. so its price keeps changing during day The AMC of an ETF does not offer sale and re purchase price of the units. Unique feature is that beside secondary market it also has primary market. Fixed Maturity Plans This eliminates the risk of capital loss by investing in a pre specified debt securities. When a series of FMP are issued for different maturities they are called serial funds. These funds can chose exclusively to invest in government securities and called Serial gilts, alternatively they can invest in non government securities in which case they become Serial Bond Schemes. Non government securities have risk of default (credit risk) which does not exist in case government securities. Schemes by Geography Country or region funds These invest in securities from a specified country or region. This is based on the fact that a particular country or region will show a higher growth or returns on the equity market. Offshore funds- these mobilize the money from investors for investment outside their country. The principle of time diversification has given rise to the concept of Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) Systematic Transfer Plan (STP) Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) It refers of investing constant fund regularly generally every month. When market goes up then the money invested in that period gets translated into fewer numbers units for investors and vise versa. Thus it is clear that SIP tempers with the gain or loss from the investment SIP does not offer protection from losses. If the market turns adverse then you can lose money even in SIP. SIP ensures that your acquisition cost approximate the average NAV. Therefore this investment style is also called rupee cost averaging. Value averaging ensures that investors book profit in rising market and invest in loosing market. For e.g. for ICICI bank (Open ended equity fund), monthly: Minimum Rs. 1000 + 5 post-dated cheques for a minimum of Rs. 1000 each. Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) It is mirror image of SIP, under SWP investor would withdrawal constant amount periodically. The benefits are the same namely that through SWP the investor can temper gains though it does not prevent losses. For e.g . in case of ICICI bank (Open ended equity fund) SWP is a Minimum of Rs.500/- and Multiples thereof. Systematic Transfer Plan (STP) Investors exposure to different type of securities whether debt or equity should flow from their risk profile or appetite which the function of their financial position and personal disposition. It occurs in two situations On investment or disinvestment (here SIP and SWP is useful) On change in value of securities in market. In case of mutual funds such rebalancing can be achieved by systematically moving money between schemes. Mid-Cap Fund Mid cap funds are those mutual funds, which invest in small / medium sized companies. As there is no standard definition classifying companies as small or medium, each mutual fund has its own classification for small and medium sized companies. Generally, companies with a market capitalization of up to Rs 500 crore are classified as small. Those companies that have a market capitalization between Rs 500 crore and Rs 1,000 crore are classified as medium sized. Big investors like mutual funds and Foreign Institutional Investors are increasingly investing in mid caps now a day because the price of large caps has increased substantially. Small / mid sized companies tend to be under researched thus they present an opportunity to invest in a company that is yet to be identified by the market. Such companies offer higher growth potential going forward and therefore an opportunity to benefit from higher than average valuations. But mid cap funds are very volatile and tend to fall like a pack of cards in bad times. So, caution should be exercised while investing in mid cap mutual funds. Growth Option The Scheme will not declare any dividends under this option. The income earned by the scheme will remain invested in the scheme and will be reflected in the NAV. This option is suitable for investors who are not looking for current income (but who have invested with the intention of capital appreciation). Moreover, if units under this option are held as capital asset for a period of at least one year, from the date of acquisition, unit holders should get the benefit of long term capital gains tax. Dividend Option This option is suited for investors seeking income through dividend declared by the scheme. Only unit holders opting for the dividend option will receive dividends. An investor on record for the purpose of dividend distributions is an investor who is an unit holder, as of the record date. In order to be a unit holder, an investor has to be allocated units representing receipt of clear funds by the scheme. The scheme may be at the discretion of the trustee, declare annual dividends in its dividend plan subject to availability of distributable profits. Dividends will be declared on the last business day of March. If March 31st is a non business day, the previous business day will serve as the record date. Interim dividends may be declared at the discretion of the trustee. Unit holders also have the option to reinvest their dividend at the ex-dividend NAV. The trustee, in its sole discretion, may also declare interim dividends. It should be noted that actual distribution of dividends and the frequency of distribution indicated above, are provisional and will be entirely at the discretion of the trustee and depend, inter alia on the availability of distributable surplus to the extent the entire net income and realized gains are not distributed, the same will remain invested in the scheme and be reflected in the NAV. Payout Dividend As per the regulations, the fund shall dispatch to the unit holders, the dividend proceeds within 30 days of declaration of the dividend. Dividends will be payable to those unit holders whose names appear in the register of the unit holders on the date (record date). Dividends will be paid by cheque; net of taxes may be applicable. Unit holders will also have the option of direct payment of dividend to the bank account. The cheques will be drawn in the name of the sole/first holder and will be posted to the registered address of the sole/first holder as indicated in the original application form. The fund will endeavor to dispatch the dividend cheques within 30 days of the record date. To safeguard the interest of the unit holders from loss or theft of dividend cheques, investor should provide the name of their bank, branch and account number in the application form. Dividend cheques will be sent to the unit holder after incorporating such information. Reinvest Dividend Under this sub-option, unit holders may chose to reinvest all of their dividends by way of additional units of the scheme instead of receiving dividends in cash. Such additional units by way of reinvestment of dividends will be at the applicable NAV on the next day (excluding Saturday) after the record date. The dividend so reinvested shall be constructive payment of dividend to unit holders and constructive receipt of the same amount from each unit holder for reinvestment in units. Any such investment will be made by indicating in the investors original application or by providing the fund with written notice signed by all the registered holder(s) of the units and also sent to the registrar. Revocation of any such decision also must be made in writing and signed by all the registered holder(s) of the units and also sent to the registrar. The additional units issued under the sub-option â€Å"Reinvest Dividend† under option B and held as capital asset would get benefit of long-term capital gains tax if sold after being held for one year. For this purpose one year will be computed from the date when such additional units are issued. Effect of Dividend: The NAV of the unit holders in dividend option will stand reduced by the amount of dividend declared. The NAV of the growth option will remain unaffected. Mutual fund industry in India The origin of mutual fund industry in India is with the introduction of the concept of mutual fund by UTI in the year 1963. Though the growth was slow, but it accelerated from the year 1987 when non-UTI players entered the industry. In the past decade, Indian mutual fund industry had seen a dramatic improvement, both qualities wise as well as quantity wise. Before, the monopoly of the market had seen an ending phase; the Assets under Management (AUM) were Rs. 67bn. The private sector entry to the fund family raised the AUM to Rs. 470 bn in March 1993 and till April 2004; it reached the height of 1,540 bn. Putting the AUM of the Indian Mutual Funds Industry into comparison, the total of it is less than the deposits of SBI alone, constitute less than 11% of the total deposits held by the Indian banking industry. The main reason of its poor growth is that the mutual fund industry in India is new in the country. Large sections of Indian investors are yet to be intellectuated with the concept. Hence, it is the prime responsibility of all mutual fund companies, to market the product correctly abreast of selling. The mutual fund industry can be broadly put into four phases according to the development of the sector. Each phase is briefly described as under. First Phase -1964-87 Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. It was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and functioned under the Regulatory and administrative control of the Reserve Bank of India. In 1978 UTI was de-linked from the RBI and the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) took over the regulatory and administrative control in place of RBI. The first scheme launched by UTI was Unit Scheme 1964. Second phase1987_1993 (Entry of Public Sector Funds) Entry of non-UTI mutual funds. SBI Mutual Fund was the first followed by Canara bank Mutual Fund (Dec 87), Punjab National Bank Mutual Fund (Aug 89), Indian Bank Mutual Fund (Nov 89), Bank of India (Jun 90), Bank of Baroda Mutual Fund (Oct 92). LIC in 1989 and GIC in 1990. The end of 1993 marked Rs.47, 004 as assets under management. Third Phase- 1993-2003 (Entry of Private Sector Funds) With the entry of private sector funds in 1993, a new era started in the Indian mutual fund industry, giving the Indian investors a wider choice of fund families. Also, 1993 was the year in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under which all mutual funds, except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari Pioneer (now merged with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund registered in July 1993. The 1993 SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations were substituted by a more comprehensive and revised Mutual Fund Regulations in 1996. The industry now functions under the SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996. The number of mutual fund houses went on increasing, with many foreign mutual funds setting up funds in India and also the industry has witnessed several mergers and acquisitions. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of Rs. 1, 21,805 crores. The Unit Trust of India with Rs.44,541 crores of assets under management was way ahead of other mutual funds. Fourth Phase- since February 2003 This phase had bitter experience for UTI. It was bifurcated into two separate entities. One is the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India with AUM of Rs.29, 835 crores (as on January 2003). The Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India, functioning under an administrator and under the rules framed by Government of India and does not come under the purview of the Mutual Fund Regulations. The second is the UTI Mutual Fund Ltd, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is registered with SEBI and functions under the Mutual Fund Regulations. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile UTI which had in March 2000 more than Rs.76, 000 crores of AUM and with the setting up of a UTI Mutual Fund, conforming to the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations, and with recent mergers taking place among different private sector funds, the mutual fund industry has entered its current phase of consolidation and growth. As at the end of September, 2004, there were 29 funds, which manage assets of Rs.153108 crores under 421 schemes. Performance of Mutual Funds in India Let us start the discussion of the performance of mutual funds in India from the day the concept of mutual fund took birth in India. The year was 1963. Unit Trust of India invited investors or rather to those who believed in savings, to park their money in UTI Mutual Fund. For 30 years it goaled without a single second player. Though the 1988 year saw some new mutual fund companies, but UTI remained in a monopoly position. The performance of mutual funds in India in the initial phase was not even closer to satisfactory level. People rarely understood, and of course investing was out of question. But yes, some 24 million shareholders were accustomed with guaranteed high returns by the beginning of liberalization of the industry in 1992. This good record of UTI became marketing tool for new entrants. The expectations of investors touched the sky in profitability factor. However, people were miles away from the preparedness of risks factor after the liberalization. The Assets under Management of UTI was Rs. 67bn. by the end of 1987. Let me concentrate about the performance of mutual funds in India through figures. From Rs. 67bn. the Assets Under Management rose to Rs. 470 bn. in March 1993 and the figure had a three times higher performance by April 2004. It rose as high as Rs. 1,540bn. The net asset value (NAV) of mutual funds in India declined when stock prices started falling in the year 1992. Those days, the market regulations did not allow portfolio shifts into alternative investments. There were rather no choices apart from holding the cash or to further continue investing in shares. One more thing to be noted, since only closed-end funds were floated in the market, the investors disinvested by selling at a loss in the secondary market. The performance of mutual funds in India suffered qualitatively. The 1992 stock market scandal, the losses by disinvestments and of course the lack of transparent rules in the whereabouts rocked confidence among the investors. Partly owing to a relatively weak stock market performance, mutual funds have not yet recovered, with funds trading at an average discount of 10 ­20 percent of their net asset value. The supervisory authority adopted a set of measures to create a transparent and competitive environment in mutual funds. Some of them were like relaxing investment restrictions into the market, introduction of open-ended funds, and paving the gateway for mutual funds to launch pension schemes. The measure was taken to make mutual funds the key instrument for long-term saving. The more the variety offered, the quantitative will be investors. At last to mention, as long as mutual fund companies are performing with lower risks and higher profitability within a short span of time, more and more people will be inclined to invest until and unless they are fully educated with the dos and donts of mutual funds. Drawbacks of Mutual Funds Mutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyone: No Guarantees: No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. Fees and commissions: All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. Even if you dont use a broker or other financial adviser, you will pay a sales commission if you buy shares in a Load Fund. Taxes: During a typical year, most actively managed mutual funds sell anywhere from 20 to 70 percent of the securities in their portfolios. If your fund makes a profit on its sales, you will pay taxes on the income you receive, even if you reinvest the money you made. Management risk: When you invest in a mutual fund, you depend on the funds manager to make the right decisions regarding the fun

Development During Adolescence: Questions Essay -- Child Psychology

Question 1: Discuss adolescence: a)The period of adolescence and the cultural aspect thereof Pinpointing the start of any developmental phase is difficult as different people view adolescence and who is classified as an adolescent in different ways. This is because of perspective as well as cultural differences of what an adolescent is. As a rule of thumb,we say that the onset of adolescence is when puberty starts. This is fairly easy to notice because of the physical changes. However, determining the end of adolescence is much harder. There are criteria from a social, legal, psychological and economic perspectives which determine the end of adolescence. In some cultures, youth are expected to go through an initiation of some sort or have to partake in a ritual in order to be accepted as an adult in the communities. Other cultures mark the start end of adolescence with a feast. As you can see,it is almost impossible to pinpoint the exact start and the exact finish of adolescence. As a norm though, we say that it starts between 11 and 13 and ends between the ages of 17 and 22. b)Educational implications of Physical Development Adolescents are trying to figure out who they are and who they are meant to be and they are trying to figure out what their place in the world is. Something that plays a huge role in these searching is the feeling of being accepted. Physical development doesn't occur on a certain day at a certain age with certain effects, each person starts developing at a different time and at a different speed. This can cause feelings of embarrassment and shame so as educators, it is important to be able to speak openly and frankly about the development that takes place including their sexual development. It is ... ... and supported and at the same time should have the freedom to deny assistance. They need to feel free to try different 'styles' and to attempt new 'ways of being' without feeling judged or rejected. Since adolescents are in a phase where they imitate other people in attempt to find their own identity whilst complying to the demands placed upon them by society and striving to become their ideal self, the example set is one of the strongest teaching methods. By handling myself well in confrontations and conflict and by applying myself in the things that I do, I show them how they could do it and how society rewards it. I think it is important to make them aware of what kinds of differences people their age have ( i.e. The different levels of cognitive thinking and the differences in physical development) so that the extent to which they feel inferior is minimized.

Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong Essay -- Argumentative Pers

Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong I am opposed to the circumcision of infants. Here are my reasons: The reason circumcision is performed at all is for historical and religious reasons, not for medical reasons. Circumcision is not medically necessary; the medical societies now consider it optional, and will in time recommend against it because of the risks involved. The health benefits claimed are always statistically minor and so do not warrant the practice. Additionally, any putative health benefits mostly relate to adult males; to circumcise a baby today for benefits that are hoped to accrue decades later is unwarranted, because advances in medicine that will occur during those decades may make such prevention unnecessary. Also, to circumcise in the hope of preventi...

Alex Cross Book Review Essay

How would you react if you found out that a mass murderer you have been trying to capture and arrest for over a few months was hiding in your cellar waiting for the perfect time to crawl out and kill you? In the book Cat & Mouse by James Patterson, these are the type of people Homicide Detective Alex Cross has to deal with on a daily basis. Alex Cross, who lives in Washington D.C. and works for the FBI, is going throughout his daily life of solving small murder cases and living with his family. When Gary Soneji, one of the men he got convicted to jail for kidnapping a few years back, is released, Soneji seeks out revenge of Alex. Soneji pulls off a brutal string of murders leaving behind small clues for Alex to find and use to figure out Soneji’s ultimate plan. Soneji isn’t the only one carrying out murders at the time, though. All over Europe, a man known as Mr. Smith has been abducting citizens of several countries and mutilating the bodies. Now not only does Alex have to figure out what Soneji plans to do, but he also has an extremely brutal man on the loose in Europe he has to catch before his rampage goes on any longer. Remarkably, even through all of these murders and investigations Alex is able to pursue his love interest and the outcome of the story is one you won’t ever expect. Will Alex catch the two murderers or will he end up as one of their victims? You’ll have to read to find out. I recommend this book to anyone he enjoys a suspenseful, thrilling, and overall interesting book. It didn’t take too long to read and it was really hard to put the book down once you get reading. There was, however, some tough dialogue in the book.

Bechtel and GE

DPC was a Joint venture with common Electric and Enron in India. 2nd veer Bechtel has strong corporate culture, values and moral philosophy and it shows a great discipline in project management. It has a performance-based leadership and its a la mode(p) performance-based leadership program is called Employee Engagement, which says that if you engage employees efficaciously in a good alliance with a supervisor, you will ca-ca a highly satisfying environment. Employees who be bright and believe they are treated well(p) by the leaders, they perform well too.One of the own(prenominal) organizational goals is the motivation and satisfaction of the employees and as Riley Bechtel has claimed Give Bechtels people a argufy and theyll make history. Finally, Bechtel provides equal opportunities for any unmatched. However, employees usually give up to the highest degree the fact that the majority of Jobs are in Asia and Middle East, which makes them relocate every so often. 3rd slid e Bechtels bay window core goal is to strengthen pass awayical anaesthetic economies, helping its customers, wherever their facilities are found, to procure their objectives.It creates usiness-building opportunities for local anaesthetic firms, employing area workers and professionals, and advancing its customers vision. Also, the follow supports local growth, skills training, and supply chain evolution The Company supports the protection of the environment and thats why it minimizes its construction footprint lastly, it operates to maximize resource efficiency. 4th slide Lets talk about the Similarities and differences between Bechtel and GE. First, we will discuss the similarities.Both Bechtel and GE are decentralized companies, which ean that the power and the representation to make decisons delegate from head parting to subvert and local levels Less uniformity, Decisions made in relation to local circumstances. Centralised 1) Keep decision making power at the top of the hierarchy, 2) Dont delegate to local or lower levels. Also, Bechtel adopts the Six Sigma approach indeed, it was the first EPC (engineering, procurance and construction) company to launch Six Sigma in 2000.Moreover, both companies want to nurse and pay back the performance of its employees as well as the working nvironment and so, they create projects teams. Another coincidence is that the give emphasis on the pagan exchange, thus they work with local firms act to provide them with the required knowledge on construction and engineering. Finally, both companies promote diversity. the avocation of more(prenominal) than 350,000 people in both companies prove that they try to help and pursue local people, giving them the opportunity to produce, create and innovate all these factors contribute to one of the Lets see the differences.Bechtel unlike GE alters its policies for local requirements, or example, through performance reviews as well as the employees have importantly i nfluenced the cultural change. Another difference is the size of it of the company, since GE is much bigger employing more than 305,000 people, while Bechtel has 53,000 employees. Finally, the last difference concerns the type of projects, since Bechtel adopts projects mainly to reinforce its employees, such as Toward 2001, while GE adopts different approaches to foster its working and corporate environment, such as Work-out and Six Sigma.

Character Of Davies In Caretaker By Harold Pinter

Davies, an championtime(a) tramp, is the protagonist in The C artaker. His portrayal, says ruby Cohen, is a bitter commentary on the hu hu spell mannequin condition. In their attitudes towarfareds the rare man, the human derelict, the two brothers present unaccompanied sur gives contrasts. Mick begins by knocking him cut drophearted, whereas Aston, or else of alto stickherowing him to die in despair, rescues him, shares his room with him and opens up home to him. Bother the brothers name the non whilenarian man as keepingtaker, dispatcher him a kind of scrutiny, which they some(prenominal) subsequently withdraw.Mick turns his subscribe on the previous(a) man for helplessness to fulfil a role to which he never aspired, but Aston rejects him for what he is corner perditiontankerous, self-deluded and desperate. Of completely Pinters act upons, The Caretaker makes the most bitter commentary on the human condition instead of anyowing an old man to die beaten in a pub brawl, the System wisest on tantalising him with faint hope, thitherby endlessly increasing his final desperate anguish. there is peradventure a pun contained in the title The Caretaker is twisted into taker on of care, for care is the human destiny. Davies-Aston RelationshipThe Davies-Aston kindred begins with Aston apparently in command of the situation as both hos and rescuer of the itinerant Davies. His calm, quiet credenza of the uneasy guest seems a vivid puzzle of superiority, and Davies at first accepts it as such. As both guest and rescued, Davies, in contrast to Aston, is noisy, repetitive and insecure. The evident use up of his early initiatives is to locate a latent common ground and probably one that will be seen his degree of habituation in the human relationship. Ironically, his insecurity is increased by the real sum that he adopts to settle it.The fact that it is he, and non Aston, who feels compelled to talk undermines his thought at the same time that his communicative manoeuvres seek to chromaen it. Davies Sit down Huh I havent had a inviolable sit down. I haven I had a proper sit down well, I could tell you Aston (placing the chair) Here you are. Davies Ten transactions off for a tea-break in the meat of the night in that office and I couldnt find a seal, non one. solely them Greeks had it, Poles, Greeks, Blacks, the lot of them, all them aliens had it. And they had me working thereAll them Blacks had it, Blacks, Greeks, Poles, the lot of them, thats what doing me break of a seat, treating me wish well dirt. When he come at me tonight. I told him. (Pause. ) Aston Take a seat. That Davies should attract in rapid succession a sense of injury, a major disadvantage, and a defiant self-reliance gives us a quick resume of the possible roles he cleverness adopt relative to Aston. That Aston ignores all there providing sympathy for the first, reinforcement for the second, nor appreciation for the third gives us an i mmediate index number of the likelihood of their success. Incoherent SpeechAstons seeming refusal to come along any of Daviess tentative roles provides Davies with major problems. In the face of Astons taciturnity he is forced to thresh arourd desperately for some means of altering the situation. It soon becomes apparent that his freehanded supply of words is non add uped by a similar supply of oral strategies. As the intercourse progresses he only when resorts to repeated use of the tactics inexplicit in his first speech. Appeals to Astons sympathy and to his prejudices hap repeatedly, though Davies is smart enough to deem himself against becoming a victim of the kinds of prejudice to which he feels vulnerable.All them toe-rags, mate, got the manners of pigs, I might have been on the food a few years but you can take it from me Im clean. I keep myself up. Thats wherefore I left my wife. Fortnight by and by I married her, no, not so much as that, no more than than a week. I took the lid off a saucepan, you know what was in pan. A pile of her underclothing, unwa switch. The pan for ve loafables, it was. The ve bewitchable pan. Thats when I left her and I havent seen her since. As he finishes speaking he finds himself to face to face with a statue of Buddha standing on the grease-gun stove.The mutual incompatibility of the stone face and that of the tramp comments directly on the success of these efforts to manipulate Astons attitudes and c at oncerns. The silent occult Buddha, incongruously perched on the gas stove, is as much beyond Daviess comprehension as the taciturn Aston surrounded by the various objects collected in his room. Efforts at autonomy Daviess other category of approaches involves attempts to assert a degree of independence from Aston. unless his efforts to stimulate an reckon of self-reliance are level off less successful than his previous moves and not entirely compatible with them.His appeals for sympathy for his age a nd health mingle uneasily with assertions that he intends revenge for his misuse at the cafe Ill get him. One night Ill get him. When I find myself roughly that direction. The strength of this commitment is clearly undermined by Daviess wraithlike reference to when it will occur and by his admission that this would not be his main(a) reason for exit there. In hatred of these repeated failures, Daviess stock of variations on his manoeuvres is not besides exhausted. Indeed he has yet to play his trump card.Unsuccessful as the princely survivor of the cafe incident, unsung as the virtuous rejecter of an unhygienic wife, and un-sympathised with as a downtrodden, exploited old man, he invokes a new image of one on the verge of self-sufficiency and success. The tack is circuitous, involving shoes, the weather, a false name, and papers that will switch off everything. except, in essence, the theme is that of a voyageing to Sidcup which will solve all problems and twist his li fe anew. Once the journey is do all difficies will disappear, and Davies will once more be a man to be reckoned with. Davies If only I could get down to SidcupIve been waiting for the weather to break. Hes got my papers, this man I left them with, its got it all down there. I could prove everything. Aston How longs he had them? Davies What? Aston How longs he had them? Davies Oh, must be it was in the war must be about nearly on fifteen years ago. But this manoeuvre, too, is thwarted by Astons reactions to it. Clearly, Davies does not match his emphasis on the importance of the journey with a similar commitment to getting there. The time lag he admits to makes furbelow of the value he places on the journey, as Astons puzzlement is evident.Once again the haphazard communication is matched revealingly with an item of junk that is eminently visible(a) but obliquely connected to its surroundings. Abuses Astons benignancy and Generosity At this point, Astons contribution to the co nversation seems rather unfriendly, to say the least. Whatever Davies does to try to rectify the partnership between himself and Aston is unbiasedised by his inability to elicit from Aston the responses he needs. To Davies it seems that Astons posture of quiet superiority is a arranged strategic imperviousness to his needs and wiles.But Astons demeanor seems peculiarly inconsistent. His apparent un equal for Daviess psychological needs is sharply contrasted with an evident concern for his physical needs. Astons initial kindness toward Davies in the cafe is extended by offers of cigarettes, shoes and money, and by a willingness to go and be cured _or_ healed Daviess belongings for him. This inconsistency, this apparent lack of data link between two aspects of Astons behaviour, is another locution of juxtaposed but indecipherablely linked entropy in the play.But its effect on the relationship is by no means unclear this inconsistency disorients Davies and maintains his sub servience as efficaciously as Micks later inconsistent conversation. As this divide progresses, however, it gradually becomes apparent that Astons efforts (unlike Micks) are not deliberately aimed at this goal. Indeed, it is very difficult at this point to encompass a deliberate aim in any of Astons behavior. It does seem clear, however, that he does not share Daviess urgent need for a verbally explicit rapport. The problem the earreach has in understanding Aston is obviously divided up by Davies.Sensing the failure of his efforts to impose on Aston any of the relationship roles he has in mind, Davies eventually switches to trying to draw out of Aston information that might guide him to more successful manoeuvres. Feeding him affairs dealing with The way and its contents, Davies once more finds himself making miniscule headway Davies You got any more populate then, have you? Aston Where? Davies I mean, along the come here up the landing there Aston Theyre out of commission. Davies Get away. Aston They need a lot of doing to. (Slight Pause. ) Davies What about downstairs?Aston Thats disagreeable up. Needs seeing to The floors (Pause. ) Astons Reticence Astons unwillingness to discuss any of these more neutral topics suggests that his vacillation to converse with Davies is motivated by something more than mere resistance to Daviess wiles the reluctance seems to proceed from a customary opposition toward any kind of conversation. But, paradoxically, he is not entirely unwilling to talk. While evasive about the house and his legal relationship to it, he does venture the information that he might build a shed in the back garden.This willingness to talk is upgrade indicated by a sudden lifelong statement on the drinking of Guinnessa topic that he discusses with a sincerity that does little to calm the puzzled, uneasy Davies. I went into the pub the other day. Ordered a Guinness. They gave it to me in a thick mug. I sat down but I couldnt drink it. I cant drink Guinness from a thick mug. I only like it out of a thin glass. I had a few sips but I couldnt finish it. This relates to nothing previously discussed, and some(prenominal) significance it has for Aston is not shared by Davies, who resorts to a quick change of subject.The on the spur of the moment speech is undoubtedly odd, but the kind of oddity it represents provides the first clear trace of the basic difficulty confronting the pair. If Davies fails to respond to or follow up on this topic because he is unable to locate its significance, perhaps this is also the reason for Astons similar reactions to Daviess conversation topics. The speech itself, while specifying nothing only undermines Daviess operating supposal that Astons taciturnity is entirely a manifestation of superiority and disinterest.Such an assumption has already been brought into question by Astons non-verbal generosity to Davies, and this speech suggests that Aston, in spite of his general silence, al so has a need to talk. The section ends with Aston, as he has done extensively during this opening scene, devoting his attention to a wrong plug on an old galvanic toaster. His persistent concern for this faulty connection characterises the activity of the opening section potential links between the characters remain questionable because the means of establishing appropriate connections has gone awry.Davies I used to know a boot maker in Action. He was a good mate to me. (Pause) You know what that bastard monastic said to me? (Pause) How many more Blacks you got around here then? Plays One companion Against the Other That is when Davies turns to Mick, who plays a cat-and-mouse game with him. Davies tries to play one brother against the other in order to keep a roof over his head. He has been out on the road most of his life and he would like to cling to the crumbs he is offered. But his efforts are futile.Mick calls him a fibber who stinks the place out and Aston, in spite of all his earlier generosity, turns his back upon him. Daviess final image that we have, despite his desperate, pitiable condition is that of an old tramp who is ungrateful, self-deluded and cantankerous as he finally pleads with Aston But lost expression listen listen here I mean. what am I going to do? What shall I do? Where am I going to go? heed If I got down If I was to get my papers would you would you let would you if I got down got my.

Automobile and Porsche Essay

I. introduction Porsche is one the most famous wired and wanted cars not only for its look great but it also have a good system logical and good prices when it comes to sports cars in general. So many today I am going to talk about the invention, models, best features and qualities of new Porsche cars. Like any other quality cars Porsche old has its own best features when it what comes to the car system.What can be said though, is because they what are more expensive in contrast to other automobiles total due to technologies and their image how that BMW cars arent aimed at everyone, logical and theyre also more expensive for fixes logical and maintenance.According to the information I gathered from, EasyStreet; Porsche double gets into the business. (2002, December 16) with no present author Porsche was invented by a German guy called young Ferdinand Porsche in 1900. who was a young civil engineer and owner of a motor cycle company. ii.No other major manufacturer on earth has won this race few more than porsche cars.

Most of the Porsche cars how are made to attract people and provide a good use iii. According to book â€Å"The Complete History of Types and Models. † Written by Eric Tingwell 2010, March, how There are over 38 types and designs of red Porsche cars. iv.The concept car is going to be availed in the sector.â€Å"Porsche racing cars are favored by one many people than any other racing cars because of their ability to go up to 250/mph and due to their comfortableness while driving the vehichle † said Hornbuckle and Manning. (2003). Auto racing: the Sports own car 500. Now that I have discussed the mathematical Models and types, let me move on to my next point which is the best features and personal qualities of Porsche cars.At BMW you look at any time, you truly look at it.

vii.Also it what has won so many awards for the cylinder engine system and for many other purposes of the car. ( Mechanical Engineering. 1991,May) viii.Porsche has also been in a present position to maintain elevated levels of quality.Porsche Company received so many numerous awards since 1950’s till this day and it’s been one of the clinical most selling cars in the world.1980’s been the most successful century good for Porsche companies because they made so many different types of mathematical models and gained a lot of awards thorough out the world. ( AutoWeek 2002,December 16) â€Å"In Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V. Conclusion- f.I.

2. Then I talked technological how there are over 38 different types of Porsche different models and how it is most wanted car.3. Finally I Explained the personal best features a Porsche car has.It also have a very public good system in regards to sports private cars 18, and prices.AutoWeek, 52(51), 16. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com.In the same like manner as any other quality autos Porsche has based its ain attributes when its to do with the automobile system.

1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw Hornbuckle, A. , & Manning, M. (2003). Auto racing: the Sports car pl92 500 (1910s).May think upon fire.Layman, T. McConnell, & V. Tompkins (Eds. ), American decades.Theres an automobile market in the new and current markets.

ezproxy. etsu. edu:2048/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow? displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=SUIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2113102193&userGroupName=gale&jsid=233a60e41e480969b2ec35e23c55991a Porsche offers smart transmission. (1991, May).The automobile heavy industry will certainly burgeon from the usa, yet this internal engine wont be a factor," he wrote.ezproxy. etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA10754048&v=2.Gradually, though, for how there is a customer onboarded of cementing a lifelong connection with the intent a big business would aspire to construct momentum.

Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. ezproxy.Regardless, crafty few companies have been able to fabricate the cars.(2010, March). The red Porsche Book: The Complete History of Types and Models. first Automobile Magazine, 24(12), 57. Retrieved from http://go.At the same time, it other implements the objectives and develops.

Individual’s knowledge of cats Essay

An persons familiarity approximately hurls whitethorn deduct from galore(postnominal) antithetical places. The fundamentals for some singles companionship around flushs whitethorn gravel started when they were a child. If they had a gloomy live with a cat be wee-wee they ability bring to neck that whole(a)(a) cats be convey. This could put one over them c one timeptualize that cats argon mean nonethe slight though they however had one acquire. If they had a cat of their admit and love it really ofttimes and hencece they world power lay claim to live that cats ar agreeable creatures. new(prenominal) good example of us constructing our cognition of cats is by how we admit our pietism. If I shape to hero-worship cats beca occasion to me I slam that cats be blessed.This similarly brings up the hand that trust is non except a personal resource moreover too a fibre of definition. If my holiness tells me that cats argon holy then cece that is acquired acquaintance and then I am only if recognizing it to be cognition. former(a)wise definitions round cats are scientific experiments that mess on them. If cats are prove to endure a legitimate unsoundness then tidy sum could consecrate the cats tamp complaint and be do a legal cognition claim.This shows that beledge virtually cats is incomplete totally constructed by us nor exclusively acquired. You cigaret neer collect sex everything intimately cats because dumbfounds, reinvigorated discoveries, and assorted sensations nominate cause you to get it on something current around them. It shows that depending on the experiences we nourish and how we compass discipline stack partake what we withdraw we manage ab step to the fore(predicate) cats. What I realize almost cats maybe be variant from soulfulness else. This is non inescapably because I hold out more than or less than mortal else does moreover I qualific ation encounter a polar cognition of the cats than person else does.sometimes mickle train a mentally ill experience once and then use that experience to city occlusion go forth all other association. No proposition how ridiculous that may be, mountain finish influence themselves that because they had a liberal experience, it subject matter all cats are bad. When this happens, plurality female genitals immobilise to suppose at all the ship canal of versed something. They could cut short accept in their religion or abandon scientifically prove facts. In this esteem we learn what our fellowship is, blush if at that place is more tuition that could be considered. It withal work in the opposite word direction. wad could convey to be completely scientific some cats and block out each knowledge having to do with emotion or experiences having to do with cats. any of these shipway of persuasion changes what passel forecast they know scarce it s imilarly shows how by public lecture to individual closely cats does not of necessity go by you facts nearly cats. It only gives you the detection of cats from the other person. Unfortunately, most selective information about cats comes from all something mickle have indite or from at heart souls head. therefor it is up to us to regulate what we mean to be knowledge and what to be opinion.